BAROQUE Summary ☆
term
and containment
The term was originally used as a derogatory term (Portuguese
Barrocco = wrong round pearl) and called distorted, exaggerated symptoms of
art. Only at the end of the 18th Century, the term as a derogatory term period
for the art of the 17th Century needed.
contemporaneous
conditions
from the faith struggles (Reformation, Counter Reformation) is developing the Thirty Years
war that devastated large parts of Germany, collapse of the old empire, beginning centrally
steered states (Brandenburg, Saxony, Austria).
world view of man
and concept of life
The world order is a reflection of the divine order ; this world has room for the probation
Hereafter, Vanitas thought
aesthetic theory - Clear rules govern the works.
- art is a "public matter".
- In art reflect social realities.
language - First of Latin as the language of science (theology, philosophy) and art.
- Then is the effort by the German language. The German language
was still a little soft (missing tag, interspersed with "fashionable" foreign words
(Swedish, English, French ; Sische ...)
- language societies strive for the language, first scientific language studies.
genera poetry (sonnet, ode, song), Roman (pastoral romance, picaresque novel) and drama (tragedy, comedy)
are represented.
authors and works - Bidermann, Jakob (1578 - 1639): Cenodoxus
— Fleming, Paul (1609 — 1640), Lyrik
— Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoffel von: Der Abenteuerliche Simplicissimus Teutsch
— Gryphius, Andreas (1616 — 1664): Lyrik, Trauerspiele (Catharina v. Georgien), Komödien (Peter
Squenz)
- Opitz, Martin (1597 - 1639): theory (the book of German poetry), Poetry
- Scheffler, Johannes (Angelus Silesius, 1624 - 1677): Cherubic Wanderer
- Spee by Langenfeld, Friedrich (1591 - 1635): Trutz Nightingale (religious, mystical poetry)
- Zesen, Philipp von (1619 - 1689): poetry, theoretical essays
Quotes - You see, wherever you look, only vanity on earth (Gryphius)
- Man, the game time (Gryphius)
- I wear God's image when he will besehn,
it can only me, and who like me, happen. (Cherubic Wanderer)
- Lust abide but the sugar this time. (Hofmann Waldau)
The Baroque garden
Since ancient civilizations were the gardens the ruling class of artfully designed architectural and geometric. This development is in the Baroque era peak. The palace and gardens were previously two separate entities, it would be without its baroque castle park is only a fragment, because the park was used as a continuation of the architectural structure of representative interiors. The complexity of these systems is only conceivable if you know that today's replicas show almost exclusively simplifications.
The Garden Architecture
The park was located on a sprawling site plan, which was defeated in the magnificent and extensive grounds each element of a strict spatial order. The main element was a central axis, which was either an avenue or a canal, was accompanied by statues and trees. This central axis led far out into the countryside and connected the main building with the architectural counterpart (Gloriette). The sides were strictly symmetrical flower parterres, water basins, fountains, Treillage, paragraphs, and stairs, trimmed hedges and thickets arranged. Thickets, also called lust forests, wooded areas were small screened, intimate rooms in nature, in whose shadow they withdrew in the heat of the summer to relax, stay casual get-together or confidential. A well-known special type of thickets was the maze. In treillage means wooden arcades of fine lattice-work, which are overgrown with roses and creepers, so they could move on a hot day in the shade. Parterres were the formal counterpart to the thickets. They consisted mostly of a lawn in the paths obtained by trim, sand and crushed bricks and ornamental flower beds landed.
The function
The baroque gardens were used exclusively for pleasure. There were adventure outdoor spaces that were unsurpassed in their garden variety of artistic ideas and logic of the construction. In addition to the stroll garden of his true destiny reached at the festivals, the days, sometimes weeks lasted. They then gathered there to witness concerts and operas, ballets by sea and by land, sea battles and fireworks along the canals.
The atmosphere of the Baroque garden
In the parks and gardens reflected the spirit of the era, but his change even in the Baroque period itself. So the Garden of the Renaissance transformed into an artificially created landscape, which has been newly created by the will of the people.
At Versailles, Le Notre increased this concept to the Great. He tried to nature with the process of art to "shame". A trimmed tree, for example, claimed that the natural growth into a form more beautiful e
intuition. Terraces, pools and fountains supported it. Here is the experiment shows that the man had a need to ask about nature. Furthermore, many artists tried
by their "works" to create symbols of life or the seal. Thus, the labyrinth is not a mere "garden joke", but was trying to clarify these aspects symbolic.
The ubiquity of the ancient mythology was part of the atmosphere of the park. Thus, their figures were used with the interaction of the enormous garden area to underscore the power of the ruler.
The whole atmosphere that was generated, allows now only be guessed, since the people of the present is not possible the sufferings of the workers, the huge construction costs, the ingenuity of the architects (the parks to their former size, still not been completely ; obtained FULLY) and about to capture the devotion of the ruler.
Andre Le Notre. (1613 - 1700)
Le Notre is the founder of the French garden style he coined the baroque horticulture like no other, so were his SCRAPBOOK ; rten the models many German Baroque gardens.
The Le Notre was born on 12.03.1613 after studying painting and architecture in 1637 succeeded his father as "master of the King's Garden." From 1657 he served as Comptroller General de batiments royaux " . he was probably best known (built 1662-1687) with the construction of gardens of Versailles , which were the main works of the Baroque garden art gelten.Weitere elaborate proofs of his prowess:
1653-1660 Vaux-le-Vicomte
1662-1687 Garden Fontainebleau
1663-1688 Chantilly
1664 "Jardin des Tuileries
1674-1676 Saint-Cloud and died Clagny
Le Notre at 09/15/1700
In the Baroque garden was considered a" natural " , if the means of its design "natural" were. Among others, the goal was the architect to make the garden always look bigger than he really was. The palace courtyard was decorated with wooden barriers bordered by grass carpets. He was conscious of not compete with the grandeur of the gardens because the flowers should only ceremonial the charge that was already received in the lock, the new arrival. The flowers of the park areas were at least three times a year (spring, summer, autumn) replanted.
1) prequel to the construction of Versailles:
the beginning of the 17th Century Versailles was a small village. 1624 Jean Louis XIII de Soissy bought from a plot of land, and built on a hunting pavilion. 1631, Jean-Francois de Gondi, archbishop of Paris, the territory of Versailles to the king from. Philibert Le Roy has delegated to the pavilion into a castle to rebuild. This castle was the basis for the construction of Versailles, which was ordered by Louis XIV. After Fouquet, Louis XIV, the owner of the chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte, was imprisoned in Piedmont, as it annoyed him that his palace was magnificent as his, he took the creators of Vaux-le-Vicomte Louis Le Vau Charles Le Brun and Andre Le Notre in his services. You should build for him at Versailles. After the death of Louis le Vau, in 1670, took 30 years of a Jules Hardouin-Mansart's Place.
2) The construction of Versailles:
The plant was the water games in the jurisdiction of two Italians, father and son Francini. 1400 water features should be built. But the river was diverted and it Bièvre tapped by means of an elevator on the Seine. Even an aqueduct to be built, but were after thousands of workers died of swamp fever, and even after a war out be had, the work was stopped after about one kilometer. about 36,000 people worked more than 50 years at the palace. But before laying the foundation stone had just the hill on which stood the old hunting lodge, to be increased.
3) formation of the exterior and gardens:
The entire site has been redesigned. On a drained swamp was a 100-acre park with ponds and canals. It was an orangery with 3000 shrubs and trees built. There Mansart met an undesirable reduction in the soil. But rather than restore them, he built on both sides of the Orangerie stairs that are known to be hundreds of steps stairs. This now gives the impression as if not a freak of nature, but architectural planning, this decrease was formed. So increased the fame of the Sun King as a great architect. For hunting was laid to a 6614-acre park. For entertainment was also a wildlife park with lions, tigers, camels, camels, a rhino and an elephant females. Planner and architect of the gardens, which was imitated as the most important French-style system in Europe, was Le Notre. His design was the "living geometry with circular basins, box rows and borders such as brocade pattern. The palace grew as more and as the last part of the chapel in 1710 by Robert de Cotte completed. Louis XIV took care of himself to the construction work. He constantly revised the building plans and even checked on site, if everything down to the smallest detail, corresponded to his ideas.
4) Construction and arrangement of Versailles:
The palace is in front of Place d'Armes, Avenue de Paris and the large and small stables. Previously there were held lavish celebrations with chariots and horsemen. The castle and the Place d'Armes are separated by thick schmiedeeiserene grid. You have three courts to get out there to cross. The court also Cour des ministres has called on both sides of buildings from the time of Louis XIII. At that time, government members were staying there. The Royal Court, Royal Court also found, sooner at the place where today stands the statue of Louis XIV. To this body the Royal Court only had access. The third courtyard is the Marmorhof. He was previously paved with black and white marble, and it is surrounded on three sides by the oldest part of the castle. The old part, from the time of Louis XIII, was redesigned by Le Vau and Mansart completely. Louis XIV occupied the rooms on the first floor. His bedroom was on the axle of the palace. In his bedroom were held morning and evening audiences, (the "Lever" and "Coucher"), where he died. The famous "porthole Salon also borders Louis bedroom. Through this salon two generations later stormed the angry crowd before LudwigXVI zitterte.Auf the other side of the bedroom are the rooms of the Queen, behind the home of the king's mistress, Madame de Maintenon, who later became his second wife. The most beautiful room in the castle, the hall of mirrors. This is 75 meters long and 10 meters wide. He has 17 windows and 17 of the setting sun, facing the mirror. The Hall of Mirrors was later added to the castle, were torn out by the walls of several rooms. In this hall of mirrors called Otto von Bismarck on 18/01/1871 from the new German Reich. There has also been signed on 26.6.1919, the Treaty of Versailles. The north wing of Versailles was completed 1684th At the same time under LudwigXV opera hall was built in 1768 by Gabriel, and inaugurated by the marriage of Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette. He is splendidly decorated and has a very good acoustics. In the south wing, once residence of nationals of the former royal family, today is the Conference Hall by the President of the Republic is elected.
5) The court and the everyday life at Versailles:
lived at Versailles not only 1,000 nobles and 4000 staff, but also 10,000 soldiers, 5000 servant. The result was at the castle a town of wide streets. Land was given to each, which gave the king worthy. The taxes were only 5 sous per acre, but there was a strict building regulations: No building could be higher than the castle, which was considered a symbol of absolute sovereign power. The king was sovereign over everything! Versailles was at the time of Louis XIV the center of the arts. Operas and plays were performed, as well as comedies of the Venetian Goldoni. The Royal Court had its own orchestra and its own choir. The interior of the castle was the paintings of Claude Lorrain, Poussin and Nattier, equipped and with beautiful tables, display cabinets, bookcases, elegant curved chairs. There were also many craftsmen, such as jewelers, silversmiths, enamellers, pastry chefs and tailors. This Versailles made it a "Shopping center" except where the resident craftsmen built up their stalls and individual traders. Under Louis XIV, Versailles was the seat of government and the administrative center of France. Coined
Just as the Renaissance garden in Italy, France is the country of origin Baroque garden in the 17th Century Renaissance garden is a further place. The unfolding of rationalism, especially in France was of the opinion that the world is subject in all its forms, laws, which need to decipher the human reason, and therefore favored an approach that sees nature as something to be subjected and to domestication and therefore in the garden constructed by man, in a sense unnatural favored. The resulting geometrization of nature manifested within palisades trimmed, trimmed avenues Topiaria etc., but also in the use of original architectural forms in the garden design (eg Salle, Exedra). The mastery of nature was the history of ideas promoted not only by rationalism, but also (again, particularly pronounced in France) absolutism put such an attitude rather obvious as a controlled nature symbolizes just rule and also bears witness to the omnipotence of the ruler and demonstrates its power and legitimacy. The starting point of baroque gardens is therefore the seat of power in the form of the castle, etc., on the way and sight lines are based and which forms the reference point for an overall classification system. This classification system is (ideally) by strict symmetry (including the main axis as symmetry axis) and by the sequence of the castle - characterized Bosco - Parterre - Bosquet. The said garden areas have different features: the ground floor is a ground floor en broderie, are abundant in the thickets configured cabinets, and alleyways, the Patte d'oie the motif of the Etoile or broken record, the Bosco-range. Water channels and basins are mostly in the main axes of the garden. The sculpture garden follows mostly allegorical sculpture programs aimed at the apotheosis of the ruler. Rococo, the late-Baroque period, following which a total of more playful, cheerfulness and intimate character of the time, mitigated somewhat the formal language. While maintaining the key features of the Baroque garden design survived, but the longing for intimacy and quiet leads to the erosion of pathos, to a shift in focus: Cabinet held central axis of the garden as a backdrop for the Blind Cow Games statt für pompöse Machtaufzüge .
